The role of pregnant women with rash in the Zika virus sentinel surveillance

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The state of São Paulo has been monitoring cases of microcephaly and pregnant women presenting with acute rash, through CeVeSP. METHODS: This was a descriptive study focusing on pregnant women with rash and the outcome of their pregnancy, based on the notifications through the CeVeSP. RESULTS: During 2016, 2,209 cases of pregnant women with rash were reported and investigated. Of these, 36.6% were confirmed. Of the pregnant women who tested positive for ZIKV, 6.4% did not have a favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our results allowed the characterization of pregnant women exposed to ZIKV and the outcome of pregnancy.

Prevalence of Allergic Diseases among Korean School-age Children: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nationwide prevalence of childhood asthma, eczema and other allergic diseases in Korean school-age children (8-11 yr old) and to assess the difference between residential areas. Among 6,279 elementary schools, 427 schools were randomly selected according to residential area (metropolitan, provincial, rural, and industrial area) by the cluster sampling method. Parents of students completed a modified Korean version of a questionnaire formulated by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Among 50,200 subjects, 31,026 (61.8%) responded, and 30,893 (99.6%) were analyzed. The 12-month prevalence of wheeze, flexural rash, and allergic rhinitis symptoms were 4.8%, 15.3%, and 32.9%, respectively. The prevalence of diagnosis of allergic diseases in boys was higher than that in girls, with the exception of eczema. In both boys and girls, the difference of the prevalence of allergic diseases among industrial, metropolitan and provincial areas was not statistically significant, but the differences between rural area and other areas were significant. Our results support the importance of contextual effect associated with residential area as causative agents of allergic diseases among Korean school-age children.

Investigation of measles IgM-seropositive cases of febrile rash illnesses in the absence of documented measles virus transmission, State of São Paulo, Brazil, 2000-2004 / Investigação dos casos de doenças febris exantemáticas com IgM reagente contra o sarampo na ausência de transmissão documentada do vírus do sarampo, Estado de São Paulo, 2000-2004

INTRODUCTION: To review measles IgM-positive cases of febrile rash illnesses in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, over the five-year period following interruption of measles virus transmission. METHODS: We reviewed 463 measles IgM-positive cases of febrile rash illness in the State of São Paulo, from 2000 to 2004. Individuals vaccinated against measles < 56 days prior to specimen collection were considered to be exposed to the vaccine. Serum from the acute and convalescent phases was tested for evidence of measles, rubella, parvovirus B19 and human herpes virus-6 infection. In the absence of seroconversion to measles immunoglobulin-G, measles IgM-positive cases were considered false positives in individuals with evidence of other viral infections. RESULTS: Among the 463 individuals with febrile rash illness who tested positive for measles IgM antibodies during the period, 297 (64 percent) were classified as exposed to the vaccine. Among the 166 cases that were not exposed to the vaccine, 109 (66 percent) were considered false positives based on the absence of seroconversion, among which 21 (13 percent) had evidence of rubella virus infection, 49 (30 percent) parvovirus B19 and 28 (17 percent) human herpes virus-6 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Following the interruption of measles virus transmission, thorough investigation of measles IgM-positive cases is required, especially among cases not exposed to the vaccine. Laboratory testing for etiologies of febrile rash illness aids interpretation of these cases.

INTRODUÇÃO: Revisar os casos de doenças febris exantemáticas com IgM reagente contra o sarampo, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, durante os cinco anos seguidos a interrupção da transmissão do vírus do sarampo. MÉTODOS: Nós revisamos 463 casos de doenças febris exantemáticas com IgM reagente contra o sarampo, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, de 2000 a 2004. Indivíduos vacinados contra o sarampo 56 dias antes da coleta de amostra foram considerados expostos à vacina. Soros da fase aguda e de convalescença foram testados para a evidência de infecção de sarampo, rubéola, parvovírus B19 e herpes vírus 6. Na ausência de soroconversão para imunoglobulina G contra o sarampo, casos com IgM reagente contra o sarampo foram considerados falsos positivos em pessoas com evidência de outras infecções virais. RESULTADOS: Entre as 463 pessoas com doenças febris exantemáticas que testaram positivo para anticorpos IgM contra o sarampo durante o período, 297 (64 por cento) pessoas foram classificadas como expostas à vacina. Entre os 166 casos não expostos à vacina, 109 (66 por cento) foram considerados falsos positivos baseado na ausência de soroconversão, dos quais 21 (13 por cento) tiveram evidência de infecção por vírus da rubéola, 49 (30 por cento) parvovírus B19 e 28 (17 por cento) infecção por herpes vírus humano 6. CONCLUSÕES: Após a interrupção da transmissão do vírus do sarampo é necessária exaustiva investigação dos casos com IgM reagente contra o sarampo, especialmente dos casos não expostos à vacina. Testes laboratoriais para etiologias das doenças febris exantemáticas ajudam na interpretação destes casos.

Setor privado de saúde e a vigilância da síndrome febril exantemática: uma experiência municipal / Private Health Sector and Rash and Fever Illnesses Surveillance: a Municipal Experience

Entre 2003 e 2004, o Município de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, desenvolveu um sistema de vigilância de doenças febris exantemáticas (VigiFEx) para o conhecimento da epidemiologia dessas doenças, na ausência de casos autóctones de sarampo e baixa incidência da rubéola. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as estratégias utilizadas para a incorporação do setor privado ao VigiFEx e sua participação na vigilância dessas doenças. Analisou-se o número de unidades notificadoras e a proporção de casos notificados pelos setores público e privado de saúde, antes e durante o VigiFEx. Observou-se aumento do percentual de unidades notificadoras do setor privado (de 14,5 para 28,0% p<0,05) bem como do percentual de casos notificados por esse mesmo setor (de 1,6 para 8,3% p<0,05). A proporção de notificações do setor privado foi maior no início do VigiFEx. Conclui-se que é possível a adesão da rede privada ao sistema de vigilância epidemiológica mediante estratégias específicas. Sugerem-se atividades para fortalecer a articulação entre as redes pública e privada de saúde.

From 2003 to 2004, a rash and fever syndromic surveillance system (VigiFEx) was implemented in the Municipality of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, to understand disease epidemiology in a setting with low incidence of rubella and no transmission of measles. The purpose of that system was to know the epidemiology of those diseases when there were no auctoctone cases of measles and low incidence of rubella. The objective of this study was to describe strategies for incorporation of the private health sector into surveillance activities, and its participation in that surveillance system. The proportion of notifying units and notified cases by the private and public health sectors before and during VigiFEx were analyzed. An increase in the proportion of private sector notifying units was observed (from 14.5 to 28.0%: p-value <0.05); as well as an increase in the proportion of cases notified through the private sector (from 1.6 to 8.3%: p-value <0.05). Notification by the private sector was higher in the beginning of VigiFEx. In conclusion, increased participation of the private healthcare sector in surveillance activities is feasible as far as specific strategies are used. The authors suggest specific activities to integrate public and private healthcare sectors.

Changing prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases among Kuwaiti children: an ISAAC study [phaseIII]

To estimate the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in 13- and 14-year-old schoolchildren and to compare it with previous phase I data. A survey of 2,922 third and fourth grade students from randomly selected intermediate level schools across Kuwait was conducted. Supervised, self-administered, written and video questionnaires of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood [ISAAC] was used. Of the 2,922 students, 2,882 [96.3%] completed the questionnaires. The prevalence [95% CI] in the written questionnaire for wheeze ever, current wheeze [within the last 12 months] and physician diagnosis of asthma were 13.4, 7.6 and 15.6%, respectively. The prevalence [95% CI] for symptoms of allergic rhinitis [AR] ever, current symptoms of AR, and diagnosis of AR was 41.4, 27.6 and 22.2%, respectively. The prevalence [95% CI] for itchy rash ever, current itchy rash, and diagnosis of eczema was 10.6, 8.3 and 12.8%, respectively. Comparing to ISAAC phase I data [1995-1996], the prevalence of current wheeze has decreased from 16.1 to 7.6% [p<0.001]. Current symptoms of AR decreased from 30.7 to 27.6 [p = 0.008] and current itchy rash decreased from 17.5 to 10.6% [p<0.001]. However, physician diagnoses of asthma and eczema remained the same as in the previous study, but physician diagnosis of AR increased from 17.1 to 22.2% [p<0.001]. The findings show that there is a decrease in the self-reported symptoms of allergic diseases over a 5-year period while physician diagnoses of these diseases remained the same over the same period

Pre-engraftment Syndrome in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

The clinical findings of fever and skin rash with or without evidence of fluid retention, which mimic engraftment syndrome, have been observed during the pre-engraftment period in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In order to characterize this newly observed clinical syndrome called pre-engraftment syndrome (pES), we retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of 50 patients. Three out of 14 patients (23.1%) who underwent cord blood stem cell transplantation developed non-infectious fever, skin rash, and tachypnea 4-15 days prior to neutrophil engraftment. Two patients spontaneously recovered with fluid restriction and oxygen inhalation. One patient died of a complicated pulmonary hemorrhage in spite of aggressive supportive therapy and steroid treatment. Four out of 23 patients (17.4%) who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation developed non-infectious fever and skin rash 4 to 5 days prior to neutrophil engraftment. All four of these patients recovered with only steroid treatment. These characteristic findings were not observed in patients who had undergone autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Interestingly, the speed of neutrophil engraftment was significantly faster for the patients suffering from pre-engraftment syndrome. The close observation and further pathophysiological research are required to better understand this syndrome.

Vigilância de síndrome febril exantemática: estudo descritivo de casos com anticorpos da classe IgM contra o sarampo, Estado de São Paulo, 2000 a 2004 / Febrile exanthematic syndrome surveillance: descriptive study of cases with antibody of IgM class anti-measles, State of São Paulo, 2000 to 2004

Objetivo: Descrever os casos de síndrome febril exantemática, identificados no estado de São Paulo entre 2000 e 2004, visando identificar possíveis resíduos de fonte de infecção do sarampo. Métodos: Estudo descritivo. As definições são as utilizadas pelo Plano de Eliminação do Sarampo. O estudo incluiu casos notificados à vigilância da síndrome febril exantemática apresentando anticorpos IgM para sarampo pelas técnicas de ELISA e/ou ELISA de captura. Descreveram-se os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos segundo características de tempo, espaço e pessoa. Resultados: Estudaram-se 463 casos possíveis de sarampo; 64,1 por cento e 29,8 por cento foram classificados, respectivamente, como casos expostos e não expostos à vacina; 15,3 por cento apresentaram clínica específica para sarampo e 12,1 por cento apresentaram complicações. Os grupos etários mais representados foram: 9 a 11 meses (36,5 por cento), um ano (32,8 por cento) e cinco anos ou mais (15,2 por cento). A distribuição no espaço e no tempo não sugere a ocorrência de casos relacionados entre si. Entre o final de 2000 e o início de 2002, os casos não expostos à vacina mantiveram-se em patamares elevados, coincidindo com a identificação de dois casos importados de sarampo. Conclusão: as limitações do estudo não permitem análises conclusivas a respeito da circulação de vírus do sarampo no estado de São Paulo, mas o estudo aponta para a necessidade da investigação exaustiva de possíveis resíduos de fontes de infecções entre: menores de nove meses, primo vacinados contra sarampo abaixo de 10 meses, mulheres em idade fértil e casos não expostos à vacina contra sarampo.

Presença de parvovírus B19 em Manaus, AM / Occurrence of parvovirus B19 in Manaus, AM

A investigação de 1.107 casos de doenças exantemáticas em Manaus permitiu a identificação dos primeiros 47 casos de parvovírus humano B19 na cidade. O parvovírus B19 foi caracterizado por uma combinação de sinais e sintomas como febre, cefaléia, artralgia, mialgia e exantema. A freqüência de exantema foi maior em indivíduos menores de quinze anos e, no adulto, prevaleceram a febre e artropatias. O maior número de casos foi registrado em 1999. Quanto à faixa etária, nos menores de 15 anos, predominou o sexo masculino e, entre os adultos, o feminino. Este estudo, portanto, ressalta a necessidade de se elucidar a causa de doenças exantemáticas que ocorrem no Estado do Amazonas e indica que estudos são necessários, no que concerne à atividade viral.